History of the Carbonari fraternity

Although it is not clear where they were originally established, they first came to prominence in the Kingdom of Naples during the Napoleonic wars.

Although some of the society's documents claimed that it had origins in medieval France, and that its progenitors were under the sponsorship of Francis I of France during the sixteenth century, this claim can not be verified by outside sources.

Although a plethora of theories have been advanced as to the origins of the Carbonari, the organization most likely emerged as an offshoot of Freemasonry, as part of the spread of liberal ideas from the French Revolution.

They first became influential in the Kingdom of Naples (under the control of Joachim Murat) and in the Papal States, the most resistant opposition to the Risorgimento.

As a secret society that was often targeted for suppression by conservative governments, the Carbonari operated largely in secret.

The name Carbonari identified the members as rural “charcoal-burners”; the place where they met was called a “baracca”, the members called themselves “good cousin” while people who did not belong to the Carbonari were “pagani”.

There were special ceremonies to initiate the members. The aim of the Carbonari was the creation of a constitutional monarchy or a republic; they wanted also to defend the rights of common people against all forms of absolutism.

Carbonari, to achieve their purpose, talked of fomenting armed revolts. The membership was separated into two classes—apprentice and master.

There were two ways to become a master: through serving as an apprentice for at least six months or by already being a Freemason upon entry.

Their initiation rituals were structured around the trade of charcoal-selling, suiting their name. In 1814 the Carbonari wanted to obtain a constitution for the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by force.

The Bourbon king, Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, was opposed to them. The Bonapartist Joachim Murat had wanted to create a united and independent Italy.

In 1815 Ferdinand I found his kingdom swarming with them. Society in the Regno comprised nobles, officers of the army, small landlords, government officials, peasants and priests, with a small urban middle class. Society was dominated by the Papacy.

On 15 August 1814, Cardinals Ercole Consalvi and Bartolomeo Pacca issued an edict forbidding all secret societies, to become members of these secret associations, to attend their meetings, or to furnish a meeting-place for such, under severe penalties

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